pgbouncer - lightweight connection pooler for PostgreSQL
pgbouncer [-d][-R][-v][-u user] <pgbouncer.ini> pgbouncer -V|-h
On Windows, the options are:
pgbouncer.exe [-v][-u user] <pgbouncer.ini> pgbouncer.exe -V|-h
Additional options for setting up a Windows service:
pgbouncer.exe --regservice <pgbouncer.ini> pgbouncer.exe --unregservice <pgbouncer.ini>
pgbouncer is a PostgreSQL connection pooler. Any target application can be connected to pgbouncer as if it were a PostgreSQL server, and pgbouncer will create a connection to the actual server, or it will reuse one of its existing connections.
The aim of pgbouncer is to lower the performance impact of opening new connections to PostgreSQL.
In order not to
compromise transaction semantics for connection pooling,
pgbouncer supports several types of pooling when
rotating connections:
Session pooling
Most polite method. When a client connects, a server connection will be assigned to it for the whole duration the client stays connected. When the client disconnects, the server connection will be put back into the pool. This is the default method.
Transaction pooling
A server connection is assigned to a client only during a transaction. When PgBouncer notices that transaction is over, the server connection will be put back into the pool.
Statement pooling
Most aggressive method. The server connection will be put back into the pool immediately after a query completes. Multi-statement transactions are disallowed in this mode as they would break.
The administration interface of pgbouncer consists of some new SHOW commands available when connected to a special “virtual” database pgbouncer.
Basic setup and usage is as follows.
|
1. |
Create a pgbouncer.ini file. Details in pgbouncer(5). Simple example: |
[databases] template1 = host=localhost port=5432 dbname=template1 [pgbouncer] listen_port = 6432 listen_addr = localhost auth_type = md5 auth_file = userlist.txt logfile = pgbouncer.log pidfile = pgbouncer.pid admin_users = someuser
|
2. |
Create a userlist.txt file that contains the users allowed in: |
"someuser" "same_password_as_in_server"
|
3. |
Launch pgbouncer: |
$ pgbouncer -d pgbouncer.ini
|
4. |
Have your application (or the psql client) connect to pgbouncer instead of directly to the PostgreSQL server: |
$ psql -p 6432 -U someuser template1
|
5. |
Manage pgbouncer by connecting to the special administration database pgbouncer and issuing SHOW HELP; to begin: |
$ psql -p 6432 -U someuser pgbouncer pgbouncer=# SHOW HELP; NOTICE: Console usage DETAIL: SHOW [HELP|CONFIG|DATABASES|FDS|POOLS|CLIENTS|SERVERS|SOCKETS|LISTS|VERSION|...] SET key = arg RELOAD PAUSE SUSPEND RESUME SHUTDOWN [...]
|
6. |
If you made changes to the pgbouncer.ini file, you can reload it with: |
pgbouncer=# RELOAD;
-d, --daemon
Run in the background. Without it, the process will run in the foreground.
In daemon mode, setting pidfile as well as logfile or syslog is required. No log messages will be written to stderr after going into the background.
Note: Does not work on Windows; pgbouncer need to run as service there.
-R, --reboot
DEPRECATED: Instead of this option use a rolling restart with multiple pgbouncer processes listening on the same port using so_reuseport instead Do an online restart. That means connecting to the running process, loading the open sockets from it, and then using them. If there is no active process, boot normally. Note: Works only if OS supports Unix sockets and the unix_socket_dir is not disabled in configuration. Does not work on Windows. Does not work with TLS connections, they are dropped.
-u USERNAME, --user=USERNAME
Switch to the given user on startup.
-v, --verbose
Increase verbosity. Can be used multiple times.
-q, --quiet
Be quiet: do not log to stderr. This does not affect logging verbosity, only that stderr is not to be used. For use in init.d scripts.
-V, --version
Show version.
-h, --help
Show short help.
--regservice
Win32: Register pgbouncer to run as Windows service. The service_name configuration parameter value is used as the name to register under.
--unregservice
Win32: Unregister Windows service.
The console is available by connecting as normal to the database pgbouncer:
$ psql -p 6432 pgbouncer
Only users listed in the configuration parameters admin_users or stats_users are allowed to log in to the console. (Except when auth_type=any, then any user is allowed in as a stats_user.)
Additionally, the user name pgbouncer is allowed to log in without password, if the login comes via the Unix socket and the client has same Unix user UID as the running process.
The admin console currently only supports the simple query protocol. Some drivers use the extended query protocol for all commands; these drivers will not work for this.
The SHOW commands output information. Each command is described below.
Shows
statistics. In this and related commands, the total figures
are since process start, the averages are updated every
stats_period.
database
Statistics are presented per database.
total_xact_count
Total number of SQL transactions pooled by pgbouncer.
total_query_count
Total number of SQL queries pooled by pgbouncer.
total_received
Total volume in bytes of network traffic received by pgbouncer.
total_sent
Total volume in bytes of network traffic sent by pgbouncer.
total_xact_time
Total number of microseconds spent by pgbouncer when connected to PostgreSQL in a transaction, either idle in transaction or executing queries.
total_query_time
Total number of microseconds spent by pgbouncer when actively connected to PostgreSQL, executing queries.
total_wait_time
Time spent by clients waiting for a server, in microseconds. Updated when a client connection is assigned a backend connection.
avg_xact_count
Average transactions per second in last stat period.
avg_query_count
Average queries per second in last stat period.
avg_recv
Average received (from clients) bytes per second.
avg_sent
Average sent (to clients) bytes per second.
avg_xact_time
Average transaction duration, in microseconds.
avg_query_time
Average query duration, in microseconds.
avg_wait_time
Average time spent by clients waiting for a server that were assigned a backend connection within the current stats_period, in microseconds (averaged per second within that period).
Subset of SHOW STATS showing the total values (total_).
Subset of SHOW STATS showing the average values (avg_).
Like SHOW STATS but aggregated across all databases.
|
type |
S, for server. |
|||
|
user |
User name pgbouncer uses to connect to server. |
database
Database name.
|
state |
State of the pgbouncer server connection, one of active, idle, used, tested, new, active_cancel, being_canceled. | ||
|
addr |
IP address of PostgreSQL server. | ||
|
port |
Port of PostgreSQL server. |
local_addr
Connection start address on local machine.
local_port
Connection start port on local machine.
connect_time
When the connection was made.
request_time
When last request was issued.
|
wait |
Not used for server connections. |
wait_us
Not used for server connections.
close_needed
1 if the connection will be closed as soon as possible, because a configuration file reload or DNS update changed the connection information or RECONNECT was issued.
|
ptr |
Address of internal object for this connection. Used as unique ID. | ||
|
link |
Address of client connection the server is paired with. |
remote_pid
PID of backend server process. In case connection is made over Unix socket and OS supports getting process ID info, its OS PID. Otherwise it’s extracted from cancel packet the server sent, which should be the PID in case the server is PostgreSQL, but it’s a random number in case the server it is another PgBouncer.
|
tls |
A string with TLS connection information, or empty if not using TLS. |
application_name
A string containing the application_name set on the linked client connection, or empty if this is not set, or if there is no linked connection.
prepared_statements
The amount of prepared statements that are prepared on the server. This number is limited by the max_prepared_statements setting.
|
type |
C, for client. |
|||
|
user |
Client connected user. |
database
Database name.
|
state |
State of the client connection, one of active, waiting, active_cancel_req, or waiting_cancel_req. | ||
|
addr |
IP address of client. | ||
|
port |
Source port of client. |
local_addr
Connection end address on local machine.
local_port
Connection end port on local machine.
connect_time
Timestamp of connect time.
request_time
Timestamp of latest client request.
|
wait |
Current waiting time in seconds. |
wait_us
Microsecond part of the current waiting time.
close_needed
not used for clients
|
ptr |
Address of internal object for this connection. Used as unique ID. | ||
|
link |
Address of server connection the client is paired with. |
remote_pid
Process ID, in case client connects over Unix socket and OS supports getting it.
|
tls |
A string with TLS connection information, or empty if not using TLS. |
application_name
A string containing the application_name set by the client for this connection, or empty if this was not set.
prepared_statements
The amount of prepared statements that the client has prepared
A new pool entry
is made for each couple of (database, user).
database
Database name.
|
user |
User name. |
cl_active
Client connections that are either linked to server connections or are idle with no queries waiting to be processed.
cl_waiting
Client connections that have sent queries but have not yet got a server connection.
cl_active_cancel_req
Client connections that have forwarded query cancellations to the server and are waiting for the server response.
cl_waiting_cancel_req
Client connections that have not forwarded query cancellations to the server yet.
sv_active
Server connections that are linked to a client.
sv_active_cancel
Server connections that are currently forwarding a cancel request.
sv_being_canceled
Servers that normally could become idle but are waiting to do so until all in-flight cancel requests have completed that were sent to cancel a query on this server.
sv_idle
Server connections that are unused and immediately usable for client queries.
sv_used
Server connections that have been idle for more than server_check_delay, so they need server_check_query to run on them before they can be used again.
sv_tested
Server connections that are currently running either server_reset_query or server_check_query.
sv_login
Server connections currently in the process of logging in.
maxwait
How long the first (oldest) client in the queue has waited, in seconds. If this starts increasing, then the current pool of servers does not handle requests quickly enough. The reason may be either an overloaded server or just too small of a pool_size setting.
maxwait_us
Microsecond part of the maximum waiting time.
pool_mode
The pooling mode in use.
A new peer_pool
entry is made for each configured peer.
database
ID of the configured peer entry.
cl_active_cancel_req
Client connections that have forwarded query cancellations to the server and are waiting for the server response.
cl_waiting_cancel_req
Client connections that have not forwarded query cancellations to the server yet.
sv_active_cancel
Server connections that are currently forwarding a cancel request.
sv_login
Server connections currently in the process of logging in.
Show following
internal information, in columns (not rows):
databases
Count of databases.
|
users |
Count of users. |
|||
|
pools |
Count of pools. |
free_clients
Count of free clients.
used_clients
Count of used clients.
login_clients
Count of clients in login state.
free_servers
Count of free servers.
used_servers
Count of used servers.
dns_names
Count of DNS names in the cache.
dns_zones
Count of DNS zones in the cache.
dns_queries
Count of in-flight DNS queries.
dns_pending
not used
|
name |
The user name |
pool_mode
The user’s override pool_mode, or NULL if the default will be used instead.
|
name |
Name of configured database entry. |
|||
|
host |
Host pgbouncer connects to. |
|||
|
port |
Port pgbouncer connects to. |
database
Actual database name pgbouncer connects to.
force_user
When the user is part of the connection string, the connection between pgbouncer and PostgreSQL is forced to the given user, whatever the client user.
pool_size
Maximum number of server connections.
min_pool_size
Minimum number of server connections.
reserve_pool
Maximum number of additional connections for this database.
pool_mode
The database’s override pool_mode, or NULL if the default will be used instead.
max_connections
Maximum number of allowed connections for this database, as set by max_db_connections, either globally or per database.
current_connections
Current number of connections for this database.
|
paused |
1 if this database is currently paused, else 0. |
disabled
1 if this database is currently disabled, else 0.
peer_id
ID of the configured peer entry.
|
host |
Host pgbouncer connects to. |
|||
|
port |
Port pgbouncer connects to. |
pool_size
Maximum number of server connections that can be made to this peer
Internal command - shows list of file descriptors in use with internal state attached to them.
When the connected user has the user name “pgbouncer”, connects through the Unix socket and has same the UID as the running process, the actual FDs are passed over the connection. This mechanism is used to do an online restart. Note: This does not work on Windows.
This command also blocks the internal event loop, so it should not be used while PgBouncer is in use.
|
fd |
File descriptor numeric value. |
|||
|
task |
One of pooler, client or server. |
|||
|
user |
User of the connection using the FD. |
database
Database of the connection using the FD.
|
addr |
IP address of the connection using the FD, unix if a Unix socket is used. | ||
|
port |
Port used by the connection using the FD. | ||
|
cancel |
Cancel key for this connection. | ||
|
link |
fd for corresponding server/client. NULL if idle. |
Shows low-level information about sockets or only active sockets. This includes the information shown under SHOW CLIENTS and SHOW SERVERS as well as other more low-level information.
Show the current configuration settings, one per row, with the following columns:
|
key |
Configuration variable name |
|||
|
value |
Configuration value |
default
Configuration default value
changeable
Either yes or no, shows if the variable can be changed while running. If no, the variable can be changed only at boot time. Use SET to change a variable at run time.
Shows low-level information about the current sizes of various internal memory allocations. The information presented is subject to change.
Show host names
in DNS cache.
hostname
Host name.
|
ttl |
How many seconds until next lookup. |
|||
|
addrs |
Comma separated list of addresses. |
Show DNS zones
in cache.
zonename
Zone name.
|
serial |
Current serial. |
|||
|
count |
Host names belonging to this zone. |
Show the PgBouncer version string.
Show the PgBouncer state settings. Current states are active, paused and suspended.
PgBouncer tries to disconnect from all servers. Disconnecting each server connection waits for that server connection to be released according to the server pool’s pooling mode (in transaction pooling mode, the transaction must complete, in statement mode, the statement must complete, and in session pooling mode the client must disconnect). The command will not return before all server connections have been disconnected. To be used at the time of database restart.
If database name is given, only that database will be paused.
New client connections to a paused database will wait until RESUME is called.
Reject all new client connections on the given database.
Allow new client connections after a previous DISABLE command.
Close each open server connection for the given database, or all databases, after it is released (according to the pooling mode), even if its lifetime is not up yet. New server connections can be made immediately and will connect as necessary according to the pool size settings.
This command is useful when the server connection setup has changed, for example to perform a gradual switchover to a new server. It is not necessary to run this command when the connection string in pgbouncer.ini has been changed and reloaded (see RELOAD) or when DNS resolution has changed, because then the equivalent of this command will be run automatically. This command is only necessary if something downstream of PgBouncer routes the connections.
After this command is run, there could be an extended period where some server connections go to an old destination and some server connections go to a new destination. This is likely only sensible when switching read-only traffic between read-only replicas, or when switching between nodes of a multimaster replication setup. If all connections need to be switched at the same time, PAUSE is recommended instead. To close server connections without waiting (for example, in emergency failover rather than gradual switchover scenarios), also consider KILL.
Immediately drop all client and server connections on given database.
New client connections to a killed database will wait until RESUME is called.
All socket buffers are flushed and PgBouncer stops listening for data on them. The command will not return before all buffers are empty. To be used at the time of PgBouncer online reboot.
New client connections to a suspended database will wait until RESUME is called.
Resume work from previous KILL, PAUSE, or SUSPEND command.
The PgBouncer process will exit.
The PgBouncer process will reload its configuration files and update changeable settings. This includes the main configuration file as well as the files specified by the settings auth_file and auth_hba_file.
PgBouncer notices when a configuration file reload changes the connection parameters of a database definition. An existing server connection to the old destination will be closed when the server connection is next released (according to the pooling mode), and new server connections will immediately use the updated connection parameters.
Wait until all server connections, either of the specified database or of all databases, have cleared the “close_needed” state (see SHOW SERVERS). This can be called after a RECONNECT or RELOAD to wait until the respective configuration change has been fully activated, for example in switchover scripts.
Changes a configuration setting (see also SHOW CONFIG). For example:
SET log_connections = 1; SET server_check_query = 'select 2';
(Note that this command is run on the PgBouncer admin console and sets PgBouncer settings. A SET command run on another database will be passed to the PostgreSQL backend like any other SQL command.)
|
SIGHUP |
Reload config. Same as issuing the command RELOAD on the console. | ||
|
SIGINT |
Safe shutdown. Same as issuing PAUSE and SHUTDOWN on the console. |
SIGTERM
Immediate shutdown. Same as issuing SHUTDOWN on the console.
SIGUSR1
Same as issuing PAUSE on the console.
SIGUSR2
Same as issuing RESUME on the console.
From the Libevent documentation:
It is possible to disable support for epoll, kqueue, devpoll, poll or select by setting the environment variable EVENT_NOEPOLL, EVENT_NOKQUEUE, EVENT_NODEVPOLL, EVENT_NOPOLL or EVENT_NOSELECT, respectively.
By setting the environment variable EVENT_SHOW_METHOD, libevent displays the kernel notification method that it uses.
pgbouncer(5) - man page of configuration settings descriptions
<https://www.pgbouncer.org/>